Non-verbal Communication in Turkey

Gestures

Significant differences between Germany and Turkey are evident, among other things, in the gestures used. While Germans typically shake their head to indicate 'no', Turks often do so by tilting their head backward. Apologies are frequently conveyed non-verbally through specific body language, such as a downward tilt of the head with hands in the lap.

Eye Contact

In contrast, eye contact in German and Turkish culture is largely comparable. The most significant difference is that while a German, when addressed, typically finishes their current task before turning their attention to the other person, a Turk reacts immediately, as delaying would otherwise be perceived as impolite or arrogant.

Proximity and Distance

Spatial behavior also differs somewhat: unlike Northern cultures, Turks tend to have more physical contact. Cheek kisses or walking arm-in-arm, even between people of the same gender, are common. The spatial distance during conversations between business partners is often closer than among Germans.

Scents

Scents can vary significantly across cultures: in Turkey, kitchens often smell different due to the distinct spices used. Additionally, Kolonya (Cologne water) is still occasionally offered as a greeting, which can have a strong lemon or rose scent.

Generally, in Turkey's major urban centers, there are no significant differences in clothing compared to Western dress culture. However, the blend of styles in Turkey is more pronounced: alongside English tailored suits, one can also see traditional baggy trousers; next to a costume, headscarves and Çarşaf (complete covering of a woman with a 'sheet') are also present.

In rural areas, however, revealing clothing should be avoided, and for mosque visits, arms and legs must be covered. Female visitors must also cover their heads. Important mosques place particular emphasis on this tradition and provide scarves at the entrance.

When visiting a private home, shoes must be removed at the entrance. Topless bathing by female guests at the pool or beach is tolerated but not well-regarded. Strictly religious men often wear full beards. A mustache often symbolizes conservatism.

The implied cheek kiss, even between same-sex individuals, is possible among well-known acquaintances but is not expected from foreign business partners. To avoid misunderstandings, guests should also refrain from using this gesture. Women typically greet each other very warmly. Among business partners, a handshake is customary.

Among strictly religious women and men, it may happen that they wish to avoid shaking hands with the opposite gender. It can sometimes be difficult to discern who adheres to this rule. Sometimes, women wearing headscarves will also offer their hand, while for men, their origin might provide clues. It can be helpful to observe the greetings of any other individuals present to learn the 'correct' ritual. Men who do not shake hands with women typically place their hand on their chest and bow slightly.

The implied kissing of an elder's hand and bringing one's hand to the forehead with a simultaneous bow are intended as gestures of respect. Foreign business partners are certainly not expected to perform this gesture in non-verbal communication.

Don't – Definitely avoid:

• Political hot topics such as the Kurdish or Armenian issues, or human rights violations, should be avoided, as comments on these matters are often perceived as interference in Turkey's internal affairs. In the recent past, criticism of this nature from the European Union has been viewed as political leverage characterized by double standards.
• Strong hospitality is a hallmark of Turkish culture; it is even considered a duty for individuals from modest backgrounds to, for instance, slaughter their last lamb for a guest. It is advisable to decline such invitations with an apology and a polite explanation. Generally, if an invitation is refused, both an apology and a reason should be given.
• Removing one's jacket is often considered impolite, as it suggests a disregard for etiquette. In hot weather, it is advisable to ask for permission before taking it off.
• Blowing one's nose in public is absolutely frowned upon.
• Expressing admiration for items in your business partner's home or office can result in being gifted that item; therefore, it is advisable to exercise restraint.

Do! - This is the correct approach:

• Expressing sympathy for EU accession efforts and solidarity with modern Turkey is well-received, as business people in Turkey wish to be perceived as Western.
• Respect for religion is also appreciated in secular Turkey.
• Speaking a few words in Turkish generally pleases business partners.
• Respond to the strong hospitality with reciprocal invitations.
• Adhere to the rules of Turkish business etiquette.